CARTOGRAPHY III

Lesson 4

By Mwaura Joshua | @openmapsCo on Twitter

Lesson 4: Design and Symbolization

Design and Symbolization

• The difference between an ordinary map & a persuasive and interesting map depends on how well the cartographer incorporates the principles of good design and symbolization
• Data, in isolation, cannot tell a story, but map does
• A review
• Basic map elements key elements, such as a title or source
• Design principles e.g. hierarchy and balance, which make the difference between boring maps and maps that pop out at the reader
• Symbolization geometry and visual variables

Design | Basic map elements

• Key map elements; figure, ground, and frame
• Figure - thing or place being mapped
• Ground - the background
• Frame (or neatline) - a line drawn around the figure and ground
• Additional elements; title, legend, credits, and scale
• Title Map title components: the subject of the map, the year, the spatial extent, the mapping resolution, and the data source
• Legend a lists the symbols used and their explainations of what is being mapped

Design | Basic map elements

Design | Basic map elements

• Additional elements; title, legend, credits, and scale
• Source/Credits -data sources is important, biases inherent in the data. For transparency purposes, attribute the source of the data— the place, company, person or agency


• Scale -include a scale because maps are smaller than the reality being mapped. Gives the audience some understanding of relative size and distance

Design | Basic map elements

Poor map: It is unbalanced, disorganized, and uses white space poorly

Design principles | hierarchy

• Not all information on a map is of equal importance
• A title is more important than the north arrow, so making them the same size would lead to inadequate emphasis on the title
• It make no sense, if a legend is so large that it overwhelms the actual figure that you are mapping
• A map with good hierarchy emphasizes important information & figures by positioning them strategically on the map & by using visual variables appropriately
• Size & color are important tools in creating strong visual hierarchy, as the more important text and figures can be larger in size

Design principles | hierarchy

Design principles | balance

• Not everything that is important can be in large text at the top of the map


• After you satisfy requirements of visual hierarchy, the next step is to make sure that the map looks balanced


• This entails aligning text with other text or elements so everything looks neat and organized

Design principles | balance

Design and Symbolization | Symbolization

• Symbolization is the term used to describe how the features on a map are visualized
• Qualitative data -descriptions of a real-world phenomenon that relate to the quality, or in other words, differences in kind or existence
• Quantitative data -measurements that deal with differences in amount
1. A qualitative map of cities, would show whether a city exists or not in a given place, while a quantitative map would show the location of the city as well as some measurement, such as the number of people living there
2. A qualitative map of wildlife, would indicate where different kinds of animals live, while a quantitative map would show the amounts of different animals

Design and Symbolization | Symbolization

• Basic building blocks of symbolization are:
• Geometry [points, lines, and areas]
• Visual variables [shape, size, hue, and value]
• These components together to make map symbolization

Symbolization | Geometry

• Points used for discrete features, such as a tree or the location of a store


• Lines used to represent roads, telephone lines, or other long, continuous features


• Polygons used to represent boundaries such as counties or parks, but also used to generalize data such as the concentration of many individual items

Symbolization | Geometry

Symbolization | Geometry

Symbolization | Visual Variables

• Visual variables are the modifications or variation of these points, lines, and polygons, because they describe how a given visual entity, like a line, varies from dark to light or big to small
• Visual variables are important in displaying both qualitative & quantitative data
• The 4 main visual variables;

Symbolization | Visual variables: Shape

• Shapes often indicate differences in kind, thus, are good for qualitative data
• There are certain conventions of shape use, such as an airplane for an airport, or a cross for a hospital
• A wildlife map might show simple pictures of different species of animals to show the location of their habitats
• Corporate logos can be used, indicating the locations of dealerships for different models like Honda or Ford, or someone looking for a nearby fast food restaurant can easily distinguish between the locations of the logos

Symbolization | Visual variables: Shape

Symbolization | Visual variables: Size

• Size is a visual variable especially well-suited for quantitative attributes


• Large sizes are often understood to represent something ofhigh value or importance and vice versa


• Size is normally limited by the ability of the map audience to estimate the difference between sizes

Symbolization | Visual variables: Size

Symbolization | Visual variables: Hue

• Hue is the color on a map. It's commonly used to distinguish between qualitative data
• Decisions are based on psychological and social factors because we associate certain colors with certain real-world things:
• blue (water), green (forest), and red (fire or heat)
• Red is also used to signify intensity or importance while calm colors such as blue or grey help to signify something of less intensity

Symbolization | Visual variables: Value

• Value refers to the lightness or darkness of a hue
• It's commonly used for quantitative data as it can demonstrate relative importance or amount on a continuous scale
• While the distinction between light and dark is fairly obvious, be careful not to use too many different values on a map.Human eye has difficulty distinguishing more than about 8 values on a map

Symbolization | Wrap up

--End of Lecture 4--

That’s it!

Queries about this lesson, please send them to: jmwaura.uni@gmail.com

***References***

• Mapping, Society, and Technology, Steven Manson
• Web Cartography, Map Design for Interactive and Mobile Devices, Ian Muehlenhaus
• Web Cartography, Menno-Jan Kraak and Allan Brown, ITC
• Cartography, Thematic Map Design, Borden D. Dent
• GIS Cartography, A Guide to Effective Map Design, Gretchen N. Peterson
• Thematic Cartography and Geovisualization, Terry A. Slocum et.al