Maps are perfect interfaces between geoinformation & human users

Maps are efficient systems to structure & order information by spatial component

Cartography is about efficient communication of spatial information

map & art

thematic mapping

augmented reality

visual analytics

LBS

3D data analysis

map perception

data matching

Answer space-related questions

support spatial behaviour

enable spatial problem solving - reasoning planning

support spatial awareness by creation & use of maps anytime, anywhere

Creation & use of maps anytime, anywhere requires;

• real-time
• ubiquitous
• media-adequate
• personalised
• designed

Rapid mapping, real‐time cartography

Automated map derivation

Crowd sourcing

Pipes

Clouds

Real-time streaming e.g. live chats, trains, forecasts etc.

Location Based Services/Mobile Apps

Ubiquitous Computing

3D Modelling/BIM

Geo Media techniques

Big Data

Geo data infrastructure

Function of maps: Artefact -> decreasing

Function of maps: Interface -> increasing

Visualization - Efficient way of communication

User centered - User dependent content and design -> Personalisation, Adaptivity

Media adequate design

Cartographic modelling - use of contraints, Optimisation of 2D Graphics

Cross media - derivation of presentation models in various media

Provide a global geospatial information management

Promote geospatial advocacy & awareness - spatially enabled 'user' focus

Embrace trends in information technology - open source, crowd sourcing, SOA, VGI, cloud, data as a service

Promote data sharing, accessibility & dissemination

Assure the quality of geospatial information

Give direction of future data creation, maintenance and management

Guide on use of geospatial data

Address legal & policy development issues

Queries about this Lesson, please send them to: jmwaura@jkuat.ac.ke

*References*

• Analytical and Computer Cartography, 2nd ed. Keith C. Claike
• Geographic Information Systems: The Microcomputer and Modern Cartography, 1st ed. Fraser Taylor